The tee box is the closely mown area that encompasses tee markers, and its boundaries are set by the cut of the grass. The teeing area is the portion you are allowed to tee your ball, and its boundaries are set by the tee markers. In simpler terms, you can tee your ball up anywhere from the front of the tee markers to two club-lengths back, keeping it inside the width of the markers. 

The fairway is where you will hit your ball off of the tee box with your driver. Some small holes don't have a fairway, but most do. The fairway is the short grass in the middle of the hole straight out from the tee box. Once you hit your drive, it should land inside the fairway and maybe even roll. the fairway is very easy to make out because of the short grass. Some fairways are wide, some are narrow.

The green is the location that you will end up putting your ball into the hole. there is a flag and a hole in it, that marks the hole. You will get it in there to complete the hole. the fairway sometimes stops before the green, and sometimes the fairway will connect with the green. Once you hit a shot onto the green, you use your putter to make the ball in the hole. 

The rough is the area all around the fairway, green, and tee boxes. The rough is hard to hit out of because of how long it is. It is normal grass height but compared to the fairway, it is tall. You must hit hard to get out of the rough. It is purposely let to grow long, as to punish inaccurate shots from the tee, or from anywhere else.

On some holes, there is a water hazard. Sometimes big and other times small. If you hit it into the water, you must play your shot from a "drop spot" and add one stroke to your score. The water can be located anywhere on the hole, sometimes in hard spots. They are usually marked with red stakes to denote a water hazard.

On some holes, there are one or maybe even multiple bunkers. Bunkers are sand pits lower than the rough or fairway which test your ability to hit youru club out of the sand. In official rules, you cannot hit the sand during a practice swing and if you do, you must add one shot to your score.